The Theory of Monopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Theory of Monopoly - Essay Example The fourth type of monopoly is, probably, the most important. It is the monopoly on ideas, that is, on the intellectual products; when this or that discovery is made, it is necessary to compensate the expenses and to have the patent, because otherwise the owner of the idea would not be able to compensate his expenses and to continue his experiments, thus temporary (at times, very durable) monopoly is created for the idea, which is the basis of the product. Antimonopoly laws in the USA have appeared at the end of the 19th century and have brought huge benefits, as they fostered competition, and competition in its turn favors not only the low prices of products, but also stimulates the manufacturer to decrease his expenses; to decrease the expenses he is obliged to carry out technological and technical innovations, - that is why the division of the usual monopolies led to the technical progress. After the World War II several large monopolies in Germany have been divided - the best example is in the chemical giant 'IG-Farben', which has been divided into several parts, now represented by the chemical companies 'BASF', 'Bayer' and 'Hoechst'. However, in general, such division in Europe was not usual. On the contrary, the process of statism, as it has happened with Renault Company in France, with their simultaneous enlargement, was widely spread in the European countries. European markets are formed according to the oligopoly principle, - automobile market is the bright example of such situation - several large companies constantly compete with each other; the same situation is in the sphere of pharmaceuticals and chemical products. There are several features, which are peculiar to the development of monopolies and... Antimonopoly laws in the USA have appeared at the end of the 19th century and have brought huge benefits, as they fostered competition, and competition in its turn favors not only the low prices of products but also stimulates the manufacturer to decrease his expenses; to decrease the expenses he is obliged to carry out technological and technical innovations, - that is why the division of the usual monopolies led to the technical progress. After the World War II, several large monopolies in Germany have been divided – the best example is the chemical giant ‘IG-Farben’, which has been divided into several parts, now represented by the chemical companies ‘BASF’, ‘Bayer’ and ‘Hoechst’. However, in general, such division in Europe was not usual. On the contrary, the process of statism, as it has happened with Renault Company in France, with their simultaneous enlargement, was widely spread in the European countries. European mar kets are formed according to the oligopoly principle, - automobile market is the bright example of such situation – several large companies constantly compete with each other; the same situation is in the sphere of pharmaceuticals and chemical products. There are several features, which are peculiar to the development of monopolies and competition at present time. The first tendency is the growing monopolization of the market; the scientific and technical revolution has caused the transition to the higher level of business enlargement (the uniting of organizations).

Modernity and theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modernity and theory - Essay Example More specifically, the modern era is generally considered to have begun sometime between 1870 and 1970. Some further limit modernity to the 1910-1960 period, after which the post-modern era is said to have started. Modernity started as a prevailing popular social attitude in Western Europe during about the seventeenth century (which subsequently developed a world-wide influence). Modernity is characterized by changes in the economy-the advent of industrialism and capitalism, with social class as the main form of social division. Modernity is characterized also by urbanization, or the rapid birth and growth of cities. Modernity also means changes in government-the government is now centralized and, in effect, more powerful (although modernity also means generally more power to the individual).In modernity there is also a rise in general knowledge-society becomes more rational and scientific, and the dependence on religion and superstition is less. According to Peter Berger, among the characteristics of modernity are the disintegration of traditional communities, the broadening of individual freedom and choice, the diversification of beliefs, and the future-oriented or progress-centric attitude of society in general.